Botanists believe that galbanum of Exodus 30:34-38 was the giant fennel. Unfortunately, this plant is seldom available today. Ferula communis makes a good substitute since both species are native to the Mediterranean area.

Cultivation

Grows on dry, gravelly slopes. This plant is only hardy to 10°F.

Bible References

Exodus 30:34-38: And the LORD said unto Moses, Take unto thee sweet spices, stacte, and onycha, and galbanum; these sweet spices with pure frankincense: of each shall there be a like weight: And thou shalt make it a perfume, a confection after the art of the apothecary, tempered together, pure and holy: And thou shalt beat some of it very small, and put of it before the testimony in the tabernacle of the congregation, where I will meet with thee: it shall be unto you most holy. And as for the perfume which thou shalt make, ye shall not make to yourselves according to the composition thereof: it shall be unto thee holy for the LORD. Whosoever shall make like unto that, to smell thereto, shall even be cut off from his people.

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